Saturday, 25 March 2017

Doctor Faustus




Author: Christopher Marlow
Date of publication: c. 1592
Time: Renaissance Period
Place: England
Plot: Majorly it is woven around the incidence that Doctor Faustus sells his SOUL to Satan. Instead he would have a free access over all the knowledge and free reign over black magic. 24 years he does whatever he wanted to do. Then servant from hell comes to take his soul away with him.
Characters:
Doctor Faustus
Chorus
Wagner
Good Angle
Bad Angel
Valdes
Cornelius
Three scholars
Lucifer
Mephistopheles
Robin
seven deadly sins
Raymond, King of 
Hungary
Bruno
Martino
Frederick
Ben olio
Two soldiers
Horse courser
Carter
Hostess of a tavern
Duke and Duchess of Manhole
Servant
Old man
Theme: Knowledge, Good v/s evil, repent




To his coy mistress




Had we but world enough, and time,
This coyness, Lady, were no crime.
We would sit down and think which way
To walk and pass our long love’s day.
Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side
Shouldst rubies find: I by the tide
Of Humber would complain. I would
Love you ten years before the Flood,
And you should, if you please, refuse
Till the conversion of the Jews.
My vegetable love should grow
Vaster than empires, and more slow;
An hundred years should go to praise
Thine eyes and on thy forehead gaze;
Two hundred to adore each breast;
But thirty thousand to the rest;
An age at least to every part,
And the last age should show your heart;
For, Lady, you deserve this state,
Nor would I love at lower rate.
   But at my back I always hear
Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near;
And yonder all before us lie
Deserts of vast eternity.
Thy beauty shall no more be found,
Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound
My echoing song: then worms shall try
That long preserved virginity,
And your quaint honour turn to dust,
And into ashes all my lust:
The grave’s a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace.
   Now therefore, while the youthful hue
Sits on thy skin like morning dew,
And while thy willing soul transpires
At every pore with instant fires,
Now let us sport us while we may,
And now, like amorous birds of prey,
Rather at once our time devour
Than languish in his slow-chapt power.
Let us roll all our strength and all
Our sweetness up into one ball,
And tear our pleasures with rough strife
Thorough the iron gates of life:
Thus, though we cannot make our sun
Stand still, yet we will make him run.

Poet: Andrew Marwell.

Time: 1621  1678

Motif: Two lovers are sitting besides each other. And lover is trying to make her beloved ready.

Elaboration: The poem might go under umbrella term “Cultural Studies” also. Once in classroom discussion we deconstructed the poem. The poet talks about the romantic love only whereas at the time, people were facing lot many problems like poverty, starvation, Plague etc. but that is not mentioned while poet talks about “death”. There might be some reasons also like poet belongs to higher class of society. And most of his life is spent having all the leisure and luxuries.

But then, a counterpoint is also equally considerable that ultimately this is a small writing. How much can we expect from a small writeup like this. And after all, that would be poet’s own choice NOT to mention the stuff. And he is free to chose it. 



A Marriage Proposal



Author: Anton Chekhov
Date of pulblication: 1890
Place: Russia
Plot: Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov, a long-time neighbor of Stepan Stepanovitch Chubukov, has come to propose marriage to Chubukov's 25-year-old daughter, Natalia. After he has asked and received joyful permission to marry Natalia, she is invited into the room, and he tries to convey to her the proposal. Lomov is a  hypochondriac and, while trying to make clear his reasons for being there, he gets into an argument with Natalia about The Oxen Meadows, a disputed piece of land between their respective properties, which results in him having "palpitations” and numbness in his leg. After her father notices they are arguing, he joins in, and then sends Ivan out of the house. While Stepan rants about Lomov, he expresses his shock that "this fool dares to make you (Natalia) a proposal of marriage!" She immediately starts into hysterics, begging for her father to bring him back. He does, and Natalia and Ivan get into a second big argument, this time about the superiority of their respective hunting dogs, Guess and Squeezer. Ivan collapses from his exhaustion over arguing, and father and daughter fear he's dead. However, after a few minutes he regains consciousness, and Chubukov all but forces him and his daughter to accept the proposal with a kiss. Immediately following the kiss, the couple gets into another argument.
Characters
·          Stepan Stepanovitch Chubukov
·         Natalia Stepanovna
·         Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov

Theme: Marriage, Hypocrisy.



"The Nightingale and the Rose"





Author: Oscar Wild
Genre: Short Story

Taken from: “The Happy Prince and Other Tale”

Plot: A nightingle overhears a student complaining that his professor's daughter will not dance with him, as he is unable to give her a red rose. The nightingale visits all the rose-trees in the garden, and one of the roses tells her there is a way to produce a red rose, but only if the nightingale is prepared to sing the sweetest song for the rose all night with her heart pressing into a thorn, sacrificing her life. Seeing the student in tears, and valuing his human life above her bird life, the nightingale carries out the ritual. She impales herself on the rose-tree's thorn so that her heart's blood can stain the rose. The student takes the rose to the professor's daughter, but she again rejects him because another man has sent her some real jewels and "everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers." The student angrily throws the rose into the gutter, returns to his study of metaphysics, and decides not to believe in true love anymore.

Theme: Romantic love, Death, Sacrifiece.


The Namesake



Author: Jhumpa Lahiri
Date of pulblication: September 2003 
Place: India, United States
Plot: The novel describes the struggles and hardships of a Bengali couple who immigrate to the United States to form a life outside of everything they are accustomed to.
The story begins as Ashoke and Ashima leave Calcutta, India and settle in Central Square, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Through a series of events, Gogol becomes the main character's official birth name, an event that will shape many aspects of his life in years to come. Throughout the story, Gogol fights an internal battle to find himself. He struggles trying to balance between American versus Indian culture and appreciating friendship more than family. Continuously in the novel, the author, Lahiri, uses different appeals of argument to show the reader that family should always be valued and help the reader connect with the story. Pathos in particular forces the reader to connect emotionally with the story, specifically of how Gogol's name came about and Ashoke's tragic accident.

Characters
Ashok Ganguli
Ashima Ganguli
Gogol (Nikhil)

Theme: Diospora, Namesake





The conscience



Genre: Poem

Author: Henry David Thoreau

Date of publication: 1849

Time: The Transcendental moment.
Original poem –
Conscience is instinct bred in the house,
Feeling and Thinking propagate the sin
By an unnatural breeding in and in.
I say, Turn it out doors,
Into the moors.
I love a life whose plot is simple,
And does not thicken with every pimple,
A soul so sound no sickly conscience binds it,
That makes the universe no worse than 't finds it.
I love an earnest soul,
Whose mighty joy and sorrow
Are not drowned in a bowl,
And brought to life to-morrow;
That lives one tragedy,
And not seventy;
A conscience worth keeping;
Laughing not weeping;
A conscience wise and steady,
And forever ready;
Not changing with events,
Dealing in compliments;
A conscience exercised about
Large things, where one may doubt.
I love a soul not all of wood,
Predestinated to be good,
But true to the backbone
Unto itself alone,
And false to none;
Born to its own affairs,
Its own joys and own cares;
By whom the work which God begun
Is finished, and not undone;
Taken up where he left off,
Whether to worship or to scoff;
If not good, why then evil,
If not good god, good devil.
Goodness! you hypocrite, come out of that,
Live your life, do your work, then take your hat.
I have no patience towards
Such conscientious cowards.
Give me simple laboring folk,
Who love their work,
Whose virtue is song
To cheer God along.


The tone of poetry itself depicts tat it stands at the side of emotions which is very much humane. 
The bluest eye



Author: Tony Morrison.
Date of publication: 1970
Place: Lorain, Ohio.
Narration: by Claudia McTeer. Omniscient narrative
Overall tone: tragic.
Plot: The narration is divided into parts having “SEASON’S NAME” as heading. And the plot is constructed accordingly. It depicts Pecola as main character. She is black Negro. From childhood onwards she what she lakes are love and affection from any of human being. She starts believing that her UGLYNESS is the root of all the problems she have to face. And she starts craving for “BLUEST EYE” that is symbol of beauty.
Her own father raped her twice. And by the second time, she got pregnant. She was being carried away to McTeer family. Claudia McTeer and her elder sister take care of Pecola but the child was not saved. And at the end she goes mad. Claudia only narrates the story of Pecola.
Characters:
Pecola Breedlove
Cholly Breedlove
Pauline "Polly" Breedlove
Sam Breedlove
Soaphead Church

Theme: Love and life, Racism, Beauty v/s ugliness,
Major conflict: Sexual molestation of Pecola.
Rising action: Claudia is also negro but the family where she is braught up was having different kind of environment. So we can see the difference in Pecola and Claudia. She takes care of pecola and then we start hoping that pecola would be saved.

Falling acion : When pecola goes mad. 


The Black Cat




Genre: Short Story (Gothic)
Author: Edgar Allan Poe
Plot: At first, this image deeply disturbs the narrator, but gradually he determines a logical explanation for it, that someone outside had cut the cat from the tree and thrown the dead creature into the bedroom to wake him during the fire. The narrator begins to miss Pluto, feeling guilty. Some time later, he finds a similar cat in a tavern. It is the same size and color as the original and is even missing an eye. The only difference is a large white patch on the animal's chest. The narrator takes it home, but soon begins to loathe, even fear the creature. After a time, the white patch of fur begins to take shape and, to the narrator, forms the shape of the gallows. This terrifies and angers him more, and he avoids the cat whenever possible. Then, one day when the narrator and his wife are visiting the cellar in their new home, the cat gets under its master's feet and nearly trips him down the stairs. Enraged, the man grabs an axe and tries to kill the cat but is stopped by his wife- whom, out of fury, he kills instead. To conceal her body he removes bricks from a protrusion in the wall, places her body there, and repairs the hole. A few days later, when the police show up at the house to investigate the wife's disappearance, they find nothing and the narrator goes free. The cat, which he intended to kill as well, has also gone missing. This grants him the freedom to sleep, even with the burden of murder.

On the last day of the investigation, the narrator accompanies the police into the cellar. They still find nothing significant. Then, completely confident in his own safety, the narrator comments on the sturdiness of the building and raps upon the wall he had built around his wife's body. A loud, inhuman wailing sound fills the room. The alarmed police tear down the wall and find the wife's corpse, and on its rotting head, to the utter horror of the narrator, is the screeching black cat. As he words it: "I had walled the monster up within the tomb!"


Kim



Genre: Novel – Picaresque novel
Author: Rudyard Kipling
Date of publication: October 1901
Place: colonized India
Plot: Kim (Kimball O'Hara) is the orphaned son of an Irish soldier and a poor Irish mother who have both died in poverty. Living a vagabond existence in India under British rule in the late 19th century, Kim earns his living by begging and running small errands on the streets of Lahore. He occasionally works for Mahout Ali, a horse trader who is one of the native operatives of the British secret service. Kim is so immersed in the local culture; few realize he is a white child, though he carries a packet of documents from his father entrusted to him by an Indian woman who cared for him.
Kim befriends an aged Tibetan Lama who is on a quest to free him from the wheel of things. By finding the legendary River of the Arrow Kim becomes his chela, or disciple, and accompanies him on his journey. On the way, Kim incidentally learns about parts of the Great Game and is recruited by Mahout Ali to carry a message to the head of British intelligence in Umballa. Kim's trip with the lama along the Grand Trunk Road is the first great adventure in the novel.
By chance, Kim's father's regimental chaplain identifies Kim by his Masonic certificate, which he wears around his neck, and Kim is forcibly separated from the lama. The lama insists that Kim should comply with the chaplain's plan because he believes it is in Kim's best interests, and the boy is sent to a top English school in Lucknow. The lama funds Kim's education.
Throughout his years at school, Kim remains in contact with the holy man he has come to love. Kim also retains contact with his secret service connections and is trained in espionage (to be a surveyor) while on vacation from school by Lurgan Sahib, at his jewellery shop in Simla. As part of his training, Kim looks at a tray full of mixed objects and notes which have been added or taken away, a pastime still called Kim's Game, also called the Jewel Game.
After three years of schooling, Kim is given a government appointment so that he can begin his role in the Great Game. Before this appointment begins however, he is granted time to take a much-deserved break. Kim rejoins the lama and at the behest of Kim's superior, Hurree Chunder Mookherjee, they make a trip to the Himalayas. Here the espionage and spiritual threads of the story collide, with the lama unwittingly falling into conflict with Russian intelligence agents.
Kim obtains maps, papers and other important items from the Russians working to undermine British control of the region. Mookherjee befriends the Russians under cover, acting as a guide and ensures that they do not recover the lost items. Kim, aided by some porters and villagers, helps to rescue the lama.
The lama realises that he has gone astray. His search for the "River of the Arrow" should be taking place in the plains, not in the mountains, and he orders the porters to take them back. Here Kim and the lama are nursed back to health after their arduous journey. Kim delivers the Russian documents to Hurree, and a concerned Mahbub Ali comes to check on Kim.
The lama finds his river and achieves Enlightenment. The reader is left to decide whether Kim will henceforth follow the prideful road of the Great Game, the spiritual way of Tibetan Buddhism, or a combination of the two. Kim himself has this to say: "I am not a Sahib. I am thy chela."





Heart of Darkness




Genre: Novel/novella
Narrative: frame within the frame
Author: Joseph Conrad
Date of publication: 1899
Time: when imperialism was at its height in Africa
Place: dark African region, Congo.
Plot: Marlow is on a voyage to Thebes river. He narrates the story that once he visited Congo region. It is colonized by the imperialists. He describes the terrible things which he have seen there.
Characters: Marlow (narrator),
Mr. Kurtz (Imperialist),
Native Africans (generally slaves)
Theme: Ivory as symbol of freedom, imperialism, racism, deaths
Major conflict: though Mr. Kurtz was fully dominated person, though he was praised like god in the dark region. So it leads us to think that whether people always needs a master or not. Is there anything like education through which we can save them or not.
Rising action: When Marlow arrives there in Congo region, through sailing by Congo River, he finds that everyone is talking about the great person Mr. Kurtz. He was eager to see Mr. Kurtz and so does readers.
Falling action:
1)  When we see the anger and anguish of black Africans. They were cutting the stones without any reason. It says that how frustrated they are.
2)                When we are shown the skulls of native people. It is punishment of their smaller mistakes which are not even considerable.
3)               While Mr. Kurtz dies, he utters words like
Horror.




Hairy Ape


Genre: Play
Author: Eugene O’Neil
Date of publication: 1922
Place:  Manhattan  
Plot: It is about a brutish, unthinking laborer known as Yank, the antagonist of the play, as he searches for a sense of belonging in a world controlled by the rich. At first, Yank feels secure as he stokes the engines of an ocean liner, and is highly confident in his physical power over the ship's engines and his men.
However, when the rich daughter of an industrialist in the steel business refers to him as a "filthy beast", Yank undergoes a crisis of identity and so starts his mental and physical deterioration. He leaves the ship and wanders into Manhattan, only to find he does not belong anywhere—neither with the socialites neither on Fifth Avenue, nor with the labor organizers on the waterfront. In a fight for social belonging, Yank's mental state disintegrates into animalistic, and in the end he is defeated by an ape in which Yank's character has been reflected. The Hairy Ape is a portrayal of the impact industrialization and social class has on the dynamic character Yank.
Characters: Yank
Theme: Racism, Victimization, “Rodin’s The thinker”, Existentialism etc
Major conflict: Quest for the identity. His deep questions for belonging.
Rising action: When the protagonist thinks about life so deeply. We as reader may find some hope that it will lead him towards some concussion
Falling action: When Yank goes to meet an Ape and Ape kills Yank.





Ghashiram Kotwal

Genre: Play particularly TAMASHA.
Author: Vijay Tendulkar
Date of publication: 1972
Time: 1741-1800
Place: Maharashtra, India.
Plot: It is all about a mediocre person Ghashiram Kotwal. Once he gets insulted and then he decides to do something so that he does not have to get humiliated. He visits a person who was in power position and creates an impression in front of him. So he gets appointed for “Kotwali”. It is a good post to give orders to people. But he had to pay the price for this. He almost sold his own daughter for this. Nana Phadanvis, who get Ghashiram a job, was politician. He was already having lot wives as well as affairs. He asks for daughter – lakshmi. He kept lakshmi with him. And by the time lakshmi got pregnant. But he does not reveal her. And finally lakshmi dies.
Characters: Ghashiram Kotwal,
Nana Phadanvis,
Lakshmi,
Chorus
Theme: power politics, class division, failure of system.